Research Papers on Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

Research Papers on Vertical Axis Wind TurbineI have written a few research papers on vertical axis wind turbine. A lot of people would love to know how you could do research papers on such a topic. It is pretty easy to do research papers on anything, you just need to keep yourself busy. I have not been much of a researcher, but I try to be more creative with my work.I was lucky enough to get involved in a very good and very basic research paper on a vertical axis wind turbine. This has been an exciting topic for me and I have spent a fair amount of time researching and thinking about it. Some people are just geeks when it comes to wind energy. Some research papers on wind energy are amazing. That is what I love about this topic, that there are very few topics that I am still learning about, but one thing is for sure, I like writing research papers.I know that the purpose of the research papers is to show that you know what you are talking about. The problem is that some people may ig nore all the research paper ideas that they write. Others may forget the key points and never get around to writing the research paper. If you keep the topic of your research paper easy to understand and write down, you should be fine.So in order to write a research paper on a subject, it is a good idea to find a topic that you are passionate about and that has some great things to say about it. One of the best research papers on wind energy I have ever written is a research paper on the ASVWR (Alternating Current Wind Turbine). It took me almost 2 years to complete it.In this research paper I show what you can do with a vertical axis wind turbine, as well as what you need to know about the issues that you are going to face in setting up a wind power generator. I went through the process of setting up a wind power generator and then going over the parts of the process that you need to know about.I will do another research paper on a different vertical axis wind turbine type and will also talk about the other benefits of wind power that are common knowledge. I am quite happy with the research paper on this topic, especially because it has a few conclusions that I think most people could agree on. I like to throw out ideas that I think are common sense to everyone and hopefully you will as well.It is important to write down your thoughts when you research papers on vertical axis wind turbine. I used to hate writing down my notes, but after doing this for a while, I became more comfortable with it.I know that if you try to research papers on a topic, you will probably get burned out and not really focus on the research paper. This is okay, so make sure that you just read some information on the topic, but don't focus on it too much. You want to be able to pull out some good ideas from the research paper that you do on the topic.

What is a Sample of a Term Paper?

What is a Sample of a Term Paper?A sample of a term paper is a very important component in creating a really good term paper. It is therefore vital that you write a term paper on a topic that is interesting, but at the same time it should also be challenging at the same time. By writing a sample of a term paper, you will be able to make your term paper on the subject that will not be too easy to understand.The first and most important component is the introduction. Your introduction is crucial as it will state the theme of your term paper. It is to be a one-page introductory page where you give out the main idea or theme of your term paper. However, it is a very important first paragraph and it should not be emphasized too much as this can create a problem for you later on in your term paper when you will read your term paper and find the introduction not as interesting.The next and most important component is the conclusion, which should also be a one-page concise paragraph. The con clusion has a lot of bearing on the overall impression of your term paper.The structure of your essay will be dependent on the length of your essay. If your essay is more than ten pages, you can divide it into two parts that can be on a different topic each and every section. It will be more beneficial as well to divide your essay in such a way so that you do not have to worry about the style of your essay when you start your term paper.When you are completing your essay, you need to avoid the use of abbreviations. This is because abbreviations will only add to the length of your essay and this can spoil the look of your essay. If you are writing an essay, you can always use abbreviations, but do not start using them in your conclusion and introduction.Your last five pages or the last three pages are the most important. These are the pages that will help you gain the confidence that comes from writing. You need to understand that you will have to write a lot of words. You need to be confident enough to put all these words on paper.In short, by writing a sample of a term paper, you will be able to make sure that you give the best academic report to your professors. This can then eventually help you land the job of your dreams.

wk 6 homework solutions Essay - 820 Words

Week 6 Homework Solutions Question 3 Explain how built-in (or automatic) stabilizers work. What are the differences between proportional, progressive, and regressive tax systems as they relate to an economy’s built-in stability? Answer In a phrase, â€Å"net tax revenues vary directly with GDP.† When GDP is rising, so are tax collections, both income taxes and sales taxes. At the same time, government payouts—transfer payments such as unemployment compensation and welfare—are decreasing. Since net taxes are taxes less transfer payments, net taxes definitely rise with GDP, which dampens the rise in GDP. On the other hand, when GDP drops in a recession, tax collections slow down or actually diminish while transfer payments rise quickly.†¦show more content†¦Meanwhile, other factors may change, rendering inappropriate a particular fiscal policy. Nevertheless, discretionary fiscal policy is a valuable tool in preventing severe recession or severe demand-pull inflation. A political business cycle is the concept that politicians are more interested in reelection than in stabilizing the economy. Before the election, they enact tax cuts and spending increases to please voters even though this may fuel inflation. After the election, they apply the brakes to restrain inflation; the economy will slow and unemployment will rise. In this view the political process creates economic instability. A decrease in tax rates might be enacted to stimulate consumer spending. If households receive the tax cut but expect it to be reversed in the near future, they may hesitate to increase their spending. Believing that tax rates will rise again (and possibly concerned that they will rise to rates higher than before the tax cut), households may instead save their additional after-tax income in anticipation of needing to pay taxes in the future. The crowding-out effect is the reduction in investment spending caused by the increase in interest rates arising from an increase in government spending, financed by borrowing. The increase in G was designed to increase AD,Show MoreRelatedQmb 360013075 Words   |  53 Pagesoptions to reduce time at the window. 2. The primary economies of scale concern spreading the instructor’s salary over a larger class and filling classrooms to capacity (and then some). Diseconomies occur when additional help is required to review homework, administer tests, and coordinate schedules of students and assistants. Growth eventually requires larger classrooms or lecture halls. If we view the product as learning, there is a possibility that diminishing returns on the amount of learning occurRead MoreInternal Logistics as Part of Supply Chain13971 Words   |  56 Pagesemployees. Key words: Logistics, internal logistics, supply chain, logistics process, performance measurement, Nokia-China, Dongguan Branch ABBREVIATIONS CIP Carriage Paid To CIQ Custom Immigration Quarantine COO Country of Origin C wk Current Week DDU Delivered Duty Unpaid DN Deliver Note EDI Electronic Data Interchange E2E End to End FCA Free Carrier IE Import Export L P Logistics Planning LSP Logistics Service Provider MM Material Management Read MoreFinal Project Essay7836 Words   |  32 PagesSOLUTION-BLESSED BRIEF PASTORAL COUNSELING PROJECT by Amy Tahran L22263350 Presented to John Hobbs, In partial fulfillment of the requirements for PACO 500 Introduction to Pastoral Counseling Liberty Theological Seminary Lynchburg, VA 12 August 2011 ABSTRACT For this project, I am placing myself in a hypothetical context as a staff pastoral counselor at my home church in Valley City, ND, serving a congregation of approximately 200. I have chosen as my overarching goal forRead MoreEssay on Short Term Pastoral Counseling Final15227 Words   |  61 PagesSolution-Based, Short-Term Pastoral Counsleing Final Project By Mike Garner Presented to Dr. Robyn Simmons In partial fulfillment of the requirements of Introduction to Pastoral Counseling PACO 500 Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary Lynchburg, VA March 3, 2013 Abstract My future ministry will be as Co-Pastor of a medium sized Community Church in Lewisville, Texas. Each Sunday the church will have approximately 240 in attendance of Sunday morning worship service. My overarchingRead MoreEvaluation Research Design Literature19283 Words   |  78 Pages253 Chapter 6 Evaluation Research Design: Literature Reviews Synthesis Frequently a research question or hypothesis can be answered through secondary research, i.e., a literature review or synthesis. Both strategies requires the researcher to mine existing data sources; ―pull outâ€â€" relevant data or information; summarize it; logically analyze and/or statistically treat it; and report results. In many instances, the issue, problem, question, etc. which prompted the idea for an evaluation study isRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesuse material from this text or product, submit a request online at http://www.thomsonrights.com. Any addit ional questions about permissions can be submitted by e-mail to thomsonrights@thomson.com. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11 10 09 08 07 ExamView  ® and ExamView Pro  ® are registered trademarks of FSCreations, Inc. Windows is a registered trademark of the Microsoft Corporation used herein under license. Macintosh and Power Macintosh are registered trademarks of Apple ComputerRead MoreVarian Solution153645 Words   |  615 Pagesreservation price, there will be two diï ¬â‚¬erent quantities of apartments demanded, since consumer i will be indiï ¬â‚¬erent between having or not having an apartment.) 2 THE MARKET (Ch. 1) Price 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Apartments (b) Suppose the supply of apartments is ï ¬ xed at 5 units. In this case there is a whole range of prices that will be equilibrium prices. What is the highest price that would make the demand for apartments equal to 5 units? $18. $15

Irish Culture Free Essays

Irish Culture Ireland is located in Western Europe. The country is rich in culture. In this paper, I’ll describe and explain Irish culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Irish Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some of the factors discussed will be fashion, music, dances, holidays, festivities, cuisine, and myths and legends. Fashion in Ireland is pretty much the same as the rest of Western Europe. Sweaters are popular in men and women. Knit caps are also popular choices among the Irish. Polo shirts and shirts with collars are very common. The Irish wear clothes similar to people in the U. S. Irish music offers everything from traditional Irish music, to punk, folk, rock and other genres of music. Some popular instruments in the Irish culture are flutes, harps, fiddles, tin whistles, and uilleann pipes. Many famous musicians and bands are Irish such as, U2, Thin Lizzy, The Script and Van Morrison. Along with the many different types of music Ireland has to offer, dancing often goes along with the music. There are several different forms of step dancing in Ireland (including sean-nos dancing and old style step dancing), but the style most familiar to the public is a southern form called Munster, which was formalised by the Irish Dancing Committee. Most Irish step dancing is mostly done in competitions or done through public performances. Irish solo step dances fall into two categories depending on the shoes worn. There are two types of shoes, hard shoes and soft shoes. Soft shoe dances include the reel, slip jig, light jig and single jig . The soft shoes are known as ghillies. Hard shoes are used for dancing more heavy dances such as the horn pipe. The hard shoe is bulky and has tips and heels made of fiberglass. An organized step dance competition is referred to as a feis (pronounced fesh). The word feis means â€Å"festival† in Irish. Dance competitions are divided by age and level of experience. The Irish celebrate some of the same holidays as the U. S. However, they also celebrate many other holidays. The national holiday of Ireland is St. Patrick’s Day. St. Patrick’s Day is celebrated in both Ireland and the U. S. In Irish culture, it is celebrated in a more religious way rather than a party way. Ireland celebrates the teachings of Christianity by Saint Patrick. Typical celebrations include wearing green shamrocks while in church to honor the teaching of the Holy Trinity by Saint Patrick himself. After church typical families head home to a large roast. Some families sit around and watch the St Patrick’s Day parades take place in Dublin, New York, Chicago and other major cities. The St. Patrick’s Festival takes place over a course of five days, with events such as art shows, plays, concerts, fun fairs, and the main parade. In the U. S and Canada, it is celebrated in more of a party aspect rather than a religious aspect. In the U. S many bars will serve green beer and many people will hold St. Patrick’s Day parties. The Irish also celebrate many other religious holidays. One of the other major holidays celebrated in Ireland is St. Stephen’s Day.  St. St. Stephen’s Day is celebrated the day after Christmas on December 26th. St. Stephen’s Day (La an Dreoilin) celebrates the feast of St. Stephen. St. Stephen’s Day is a popular holiday to visit family and do activities with the family. The Irish also celebrate many American holidays on the same dates as the U. S. The Irish celebrate Christmas, New Year’s Day, Labor Day, and Easter on the same dates as the U. S. The Irish also have many festivities such as the Pan Celtic Festival in April, the Fleadh Nua in May, Lisdoonvarna Matchmaking Festival in August, and Puck fair also in May. The Pan Celtic Festival began in Killarney in 1971 when it purposed to create better relations between the Celtic nations of Ireland, Scotland, Brittany, the Isle of Mann, Cornwall and Wales. Today it has grown to a complete celebration of Celtic culture with parades, music, dancing and sports. The Fleadh Nua Festival brings together concerts, ceilithe, music, song and dancing workshops, and each year thousands of people in search of traditional entertainment attend. The Lisdoonvarna Matchmaking Festival is Ireland’s biggest singles event. The Lisdoonvarna Matchmaking Festival is Ireland’s biggest singles event. A mix of music, dance, horseracing and BBQ championships. The Puck Fair is one of Ireland’s oldest and most popular festivals, with hours of free family entertainment, a traditional horse fair, open air concerts, parades and fireworks. Irish food is a style of cooking originating from Ireland or developed by Irish people. The introduction of the potato was first introduced in the late 16th century, and it changed Irish food from there on. Irish beef is exported all over the world and is known for its quality. Traditional Irish foods include Irish stew, Irish Soda Bread, Bacon and Cabbage, Boxty, and Colcannon. In the 21st century, the usual selection of foods popular in Western culture has been introduced in Ireland. Europe’s dishes have influenced the country. Modern cuisine is based off of fresh vegetables, salmon, trout, oysters, mussels, traditional soda bread, cheeses, and the infamous potato. Fish and Chips are an extremely popular item at fast food drive- troughs. The growth of fast food places, has led to high obesity rates. Ireland now has one of the highest heart disease rates in the world. Folklores and stories have been passed down from generation to generation for many years. A common place for folklores and stories to be passed down is sitting around the fire. There are many different stories to be told. Each family or group has different versions of the same story . Young people typically get told stories passed down to them from older people. Most folklore and stories have been being passed down since Celtic mythology was developed. Celtic mythology tells folklores and stories from the medieval time period in Ireland. How to cite Irish Culture, Essay examples Irish Culture Free Essays Struggles between different national, cultural, and religious identities became known as â€Å"trouble times† in Northern Ireland. The fighting began as far back as 1921, and did not reach an agreement, called the Good Friday Agreement until May 22, 1998. The Protestant’s considers them self British and supports the United Kingdom, or Unionist. We will write a custom essay sample on Irish Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now While the Catholics, which are in the minority only by 44%, considers thierself to be Irish. The Catholics want a united Ireland and most are nationalist. â€Å"The latest version of â€Å"the troubles† in Northern Ireland was sparked in late 1968, when a civil rights movement was launched mostly by Catholics, who had long faced discrimination in areas such as electoral rights, housing, and employment. This civil rights movement was met with violence by extreme unionists and the police, which in turn prompted armed action by nationalists and republicans. Increasing chaos and escalating violence led the UK government to deploy the British Army on the streets of Northern Ireland in 1969 and to impose direct rule from London in 1972. † (Archick, 2013) Trying to come to a resolution in Northern Ireland the government signed the peace treaty known as the Good Friday Agreement, it transfer the power from London to Belfast where the two parties, Northern Ireland Assembly and Executive Committee, or the Nationalist and Unionist would share power. Reference Archick, K. (2013). Northern Ireland: The peace process. Retrieved from http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS21333.pdf BBC News. Northern Ireland: The peace process. Retrieved from BBC News. (2006, January 27). Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/4072261.stm How to cite Irish Culture, Papers

Victory of Mittal Over Arcelor in Global Steel

Introduction According to Caldeira and Ward (2001), Resource-based theory helps to â€Å"understand how organizations achieve sustainable competitive advantages†, and its main focus is mainly on the effectiveness of the organization in its pursuit of competitive edge in the market.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Victory of Mittal Over Arcelor in Global Steel specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A firm can be said to be a collection of physical, human and organizational resources; however, the firm will enjoy significant success relative to its rivals if it can manage to amass adequate intangible resources that gives it a unique identity that will be difficult to imitate. As Conner (1991, cited in Gossy, 2008) argued, â€Å"the performance differentials between organizations depend on having a set of unique inputs and capabilities.† According to resource-based theory, competitive advantage does happen o nly when â€Å"there is a case of resource heterogeneity and resource immobility† (Barney and Clark, 2010). The Meaning and Principles of Resource Based Theory Silviano (2006) states that, according to resource-based view, a firm’s ability to nurture outstanding and unique capabilities boost its ability to adapt to the dynamic economic environment as well as to improve its survival prospects. Barney (1991, cited in Gossy, 2008, p. 27) argues that in order to provide competitive advantage, a resource must fulfill the following four criteria: Valuable: the resource must have strategic value to the firm (for instance, by exploiting opportunities or neutralizing threats). Scarce: the resource must be unique and costly for rival firms to acquire. Imperfect imitability: It should be impossible to perfectly imitate mainly because it is not easy to acquire; since the link between the capability and the achieved sustained competitive advantage is ambiguous; or because it is so cially complex). Non-substitutability: competitors cannot substitute the resource by another alternative resource to achieve the same results. As Grover et al (1998, cited in Gossy, 2008, p.84) explain, â€Å"the essence of a resource-based theory is that, given resource heterogeneity and resource immobility and satisfaction of the requirement of value, rareness, imperfect immitability, and non substitutability, firms’ resources can be a source of sustained competitive advantage.† Understanding the development of such capabilities and competences involves viewing the assets and resources of the firm from a knowledge-based perspective (Grant, 2009, p. 3). The theory prioritizes the need for leaders to value competence as an intangible business asset that can go a long way in enhancing productivity of the firm; indeed attributes such as experiences, organizational culture and competences play a significant role in ensuring that the firm’s performance is sustainab le (Gossy, 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, Conner (1991, cited in Gossy, 2008, p.140) suggests, â€Å"An in-house team is likely to produce technical knowledge, skill, or routine that fits better with the firm’s current activities.† The battle between Mittal and Arcelor before merging and the victory of Mittal According to Oglesby and Adams (2009), Mittal replaced Arcelor as the leading global steel company when it purchased ISG and later bought Ukrainian Kryvorizhstal thus raising its annual production capacity to more than 65 tons. Conclusively, this also means that no other steel company in the world has had the mechanism to perfectly copy the firm’s industrial processes and marketing strategies. Therefore, Mittal can be termed as a firm whose resources are imperfectly imitable on those grounds. Mittal initiated the move to swallow it s biggest rival, Arcelor, just as it had previously acquired underperforming assets from Mexico, Kazakhstan and Algeria. Such moves made Mittal to earn applauses from governments as a necessary outsider who revived a decaying firm. The ability of Mittal to do this vividly depicts it as a company loaded with valuable resources, hence able to both exploit available resources and neutralize threats. The ability of Mittal to effectively resist and successively withstand opposition from the Luxembourg government clearly categorizes it a company with highly organized resources that were rare compared to those of its competitors in the steel making industry. According to Arcelor FCS Commercial Magazine (2005), Mittal reacted very promptly to signals from the market. This is in comparison to Arcelor, which is said to have been less reactive, enabling Mittal to come up with a sharp analysis that helped to develop and implement action plans immediately. In addition, according to Global Steel Consultants (2006), Mittal’s strategy has always been to grow by acquisition, and for that reason, it has continued to grow even after merging with Arcelor.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Victory of Mittal Over Arcelor in Global Steel specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Mittal’s initial plan to merge with Arcelor attracted a six months battle from governments, the banking industry, analysts, and shareholders. This was marked with a lot of opposition that made Arselor’s management resolve to merge with Severstal, a Russian company. The management had further suggested an dividend increment to its shareholders incase they rejected Mittal’s move to merge with Arselor. Finally, governments, shareholders, and analysts supported the merge between the two companies. From the unfolding of these events, it is evident that Arcelor needed a merge with another steel producing company though they co uld not find any other firm whose resources could merge or substitute those of Mittal. Not even Severstal could measure up to Mittal. This is simply because Mittal’s resources were non-substitutable. As Robinson (2009) stated, prior to the merger, Mittal was still the world’s largest steel company. This outstanding stability and credibility of Mittal over Arcelor prior to the amalgamation has made the current ArcelorMittal firm to maintain its superior performance and competitive advantage over its rivals globally. Mittal’s victory evidently sustained in the ArcelorMittal group According to ArcelorMittal leads other big steel-producing firms in the world due to its superior quality products and industrial processes. According to 10 Reasons You Should Buy Arcelor Mittal Bars over Other Big Steel Producers (2009), the reasons for its superiority over other firms are four-fold: Chemical properties, physical properties, processes, and commercial terms. Reasons behin d the superiority of ArcelorMittal There are various reasons that led to ArcelorMittal taking a superior position in the market. First, Sulfur, phosphorus, and nitrogen are all impurities of steel. ArcelorMittal produces steel bars with lower amounts of these components compared to those produced by other companies. Hence its steel bars are pure and of high quality. Second, whereas most steel-producing companies produce short steel bars that make them weak, problematic, and non-uniform, ArcelorMittal produces steel bars that are uniform and strong. Third, the firm uses colossus sum of money in research every year to improve the quality of its products and retain its customers. ArcelorMittal always seeks to attract and nurture the best people. All industrial plants are in the process of certification. Fourth, ArcelorMittal has the most competitive prices for its products compared to that of other big steel companies. Its rebars are also packed in 2MT ton bundles for ease of handling. The bars are also available in standard length of 12 meters.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion ArcelorMittal has demonstrated the success a firm can have through mergers, more so due to the enormous resources that may be applied to ensure all faculties of the firm are strong. In addition, adequate resources allow the firm to formulate strategies that cannot only allow it to establish its identity and competitive advantage, but also to maximize its profitability. Moreover, the resource based theory postulates that a firm will be competitive only if it utilizes its resources capabilities on sound strategies. Reference List Arcelor FCS Commercial Magazine. 2005. Steel solutions for a better world. (Attached material). Barney, J. B. and Clark, D. N., 2010. Resource-based theory: creating and sustaining competitive advantage. Journal of Marketing Management. London, Oxford University Press. Caldeira, M. and Ward, J., 2001. Using resource-based theory to explain the successful adoption and use of information systems and technology in manufacturing small and medium term e nterprises. Global co-operation in the new millennium. (Attached material). Global steel consultants. 2006. Mittal and Arcelor: Do they fit? (Attached material). Gossy, G., 2008. A stakeholder rationale for risk management: implications for corporate finance decisions. Gabler Verlag. Web. Grant, R.M., 2009. The Resource-Based Theory of Competitive Advantage: Implications for strategy formulation. Berkeley, University of California. Oglesby, R. A., and Adams, M.G., 2009. Business Research Yearbook. Global Business Perspectives, Volume Xvi, Number 2. International Academy of Business Studies. (Attached material). Robinson, S., 2009. The mergers and acquisitions review. United Kingdom: Law Business Research Limited. (Attached Material). Silviano, E. (2006). The resource-based theory of the firm and firm survival. Small business economics, 30:231–249. Springer: Spain. (Attached material). 10 Reasons You Should Buy Arcelor Mittal Bars over Other Big Steel Producers. 2009. 10 Reaso ns You Should Buy Arcelor Mittal Bars over Other Big Steel Producers. (Attached Material). This essay on Victory of Mittal Over Arcelor in Global Steel was written and submitted by user Jillian Farmer to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Death Penalty, the Practice of Capital Punishment

The Death Penalty, the Practice of Capital Punishment Free Online Research Papers The death penalty is the most arguable and notorious practice today. The concept of capital punishment is a way of deterrence, retribution, restraint or incapacitation rehabilitation and restoration is not new and it is very much understandable from the way human psychology is molded by the fear of happening, the same with themselves. The idea a of deterrence associated with capital punishment has weight and sense, making capital punishment a public example serves it purpose but any judicial system which works on any other principal than the principal of justice cant be trusted. The general moral question of whether government has the right to punish wrongdoers by killing them has long plagued philosophers and theologians. Supporters of the death penalty often argue with those who oppose it about the implications of certain verses in scripture and about the general question of whether people forfeit their right to life when they commit murder. Similar moral arguments focus on whether it is ever legitimate to execute someone for a crime committed as a juvenile or to execute the mentally impaired. Many opponents argue, moreover, that it is senseless for government to kill to show that killing is wrong. (Lawrence C. Marshall, Why the Death Penalty Should be Abolished). In the present day, what is required is a better and more influential judiciary system rather than just sentencing people to death or even long lifetime sentences. It is accepted that one must pay for his ill doings but for that the difference should be made at the level of justice. Justice shoul d be equal for all. The arguments against capital punishment are many and convincing and very influential rather than the ones, which are in its favor, they are not just few but are fallacious. Anthony Porter, thought to be a killer, was found guilty in a case of murder of two people back in the year 1982 and was to be sentenced to death in 1998. Just 48 hours before the implementation, a stay order was approved based on issue about his mental proficiency. A team of journalism students from Northwestern University took the interest and began to examine the case against Porter and after interviewing many witnesses who had testified or were somehow related to the case. After several months of investigation, what came to light was an astonishing fact that Anthony Porter was absolutely innocent and had nothing to do with the killings. On the contrary, the real culprit was found to be Alstory Simon not Anthony Porter. He himself admitted of his crime after his wife told that she was there when he killed them. Even afterwards the chief witness confessed that he had not seen the face of the killer, he just mentioned Ported because the police forced him to do so. Later in Februar y 1999, based on these new facts, Anthony Porter was released and Alstory Simon was charged with murder. Taking this example, we won’t be wrong to say that in the case of Porter Anthony his luck was there to save him, but is this the case of all the innocents being killed, just because they were bound to be killed? There are many arguments against the capital punishment, and on the other hand many people prove the arguments wrong, but what is the point here is how the punishment is enhanced. If we look at the previous record, it is quite cleat that most of the punishments were under the influence of prejudice. The death penalty may not deter but aggravate the crime; it is true with all such acts where justice is over come by discrimination. Death penalty was once practiced in most of the nations, but has been sanctioned by many still yet. In the late 20th century, some countries abolished the death penalty, imposing life sentences instead. Which is another debate? Is the capital punishment is actually a reason for a better social and judicial system? We don’t find any evidence supporting this question. The nations or states were death sentence is prevailed are at the same rate of crimes where there is no death sentence, but if we look at the figures we would see that in the past 20 years Texas, was the state with highest rate of crimes and is also the state with most death sentences given, infect taken into action hence it is not persuasive thus its practical value to society appears to be zilch. If we look at the other side of the image we would find that the fear of being caught and punished makes a person become very keen in doing what he wants to do, but the equality in the judiciary is a must. Still there is a lot of evidence that the decision making process in capital cases is enormously inaccurate. The courts have reversed more than two thirds of the death sentences that have been appealed; on retrial fewer than 20% of these defendants were found to deserve the death penalty, and 7% were found to be innocent of the crime itself (Leibman, Fagan, West, 2000). It is far a debate that in our system, race, wealth, status, geography and cast play a determining role of who should be charged or not. Harry Blackmun once declared, â€Å"Race continues to play a major role in determining who shall live and who shall die.† The judicial system is so biased that we find that when a person has power he will get away; the one with more power is seldom seen paying. The one with low status and race is the first one to be paying for what he has done, and even for what he hasn’t done. This difference of color, creed, status, race and language make the decision of death sentence so fake that it seems it must be stopped. Apart from the racial difference what is the other fact hindering in the way of justice is the fact that legal orders designed to inform the jurors decision between the death penalty and a life sentence are inexplicable, resulting in decisions that are capricious or legally wrong. The death penalty is discriminatory. Wealth, social status, race and geography play an obvious role in determining who is charged with a capital crime, convicted, and sentenced to death (Bright, 1994, Costanzo, 1997). Decades of research have failed to produce any persuasive evidence that the death penalty is more effective than life imprisonment as a deterrent to murder (Bailey Peterson, 1981). Punishment is supposed to be for the protection of society, and for the reformation of the wrongdoer. A punishment should make the person get cautious and should give others the sense of protection. Capital punishment though removes the culprit but is unable to remove the problem, and what is the use of just killing someone when one can’t make the problem solved? Taking a pain killer may stop the pain for the time but won’t make the problem vanish; it will reappear with time and with a much worse effect. Death sentence will no doubt remove one person but would not fill up the flaw, what is needed is to fill the flaws, not to make the flaws. Homicide rates from 1907 1963 in New York (which carried out 692 executions during that period) showed an average of two additional homicides in the month following an execution. (Bowers and Pierce 1980) Taking into account the extremity of the punishment, we know that life has been cut short, devoid of what the person, innocent in real or not, has in mind; he is not given a chance to reform himself. He may become a better person if given a chance, but it is on chance, but life itself is on chance. It is normal practice that kindness prevails; if once a person is given chance he may overcome his faults. But it is again on chance. The people committing murders or very much offensive crimes are mostly mental patients. So if they are really mental patients, then their fate should be treatment not a death sentence. In a 1987 study covering a period between 1900 to1985, it was found that 350 people were wrongly convicted and sentenced to death; 23 of these people were executed. (Radelet, Bedau and Putnam, 1992) Capital punishment is irreversible, and the errors of justice cannot be resolved when that person’s life is gone. All possibility of reassessment is taken away. What if an innocent person is hung, electrified, or given a lethal injection and has been punished for something he has never done. Then who should be the one paying for his life? The jury? The witness? The society? Or whom? â€Å"In view of the very uncertain and unequal character of our merely human endeavors to meet out justice, no proceedings of ours should be of this irrevocable character. So complex and uncertain is the process of sifting whereby finally a few individuals are sorted out from the mass and consigned to punishment, that the selection seems largely arbitrary, and we find that the actual convicts are no worse, and some perhaps even better, than many whom the hand of the law never reaches. What principle of equity or reason can justify us in singling out for our harshest treatment, by so haphazard a m ethod, a few individuals who for the most part manifest no particular reasons why they and they alone, should be so treated?† (To Abolish Capital Punishment: A Plea to the Citizens of every Country, Point Loma, 1914) The facts are that, using capital punishment will not make the crime vanish; it will only kill one more person and put one more family through hell. The real thing to be done is to make that person realize how bad is the effect of what he did, or what is awful. Just giving a death sentence would take away all hopes of many people. The only way to destroy a criminal is by changing his inside and the only way to do that is to give him time, this process may be long, but is far more influential that death sentence. And the duty of judicial system is to isolate such criminals so that there crime is washed away not their life. It is also a fact that when we cut short the life of a criminal, we just prompt the crime rather than giving it an end people who are found guilty are mostly found saying that â€Å"something came over mean I don’t know why I did it?† this shows that with the end of a culprit physically the crime prevails, the real end of a crime is to make people st rong enough to take over everything which tries to overcome them. Mercy is what makes others to over view what he has done, and this is the basic theme of every religion too. If one has done zealous crime, he must be punished, but not giving him a chance to amend is notorious. The role of the government has been very important but unfortunately it has done actions to take care of culprits but not to treat them as human beings. They have aright Io live, and being humans they have their full right to avail the human rights. If one does a wrong act the other should not repeat it would only enhance its effects rather than suppress it. The best way would be kind enough to make the other person realize of the severity of the crime. It should be included in the course and educational system to make the children aware of the hazardous effects of crimes. But should given them the difference at childhood so that when they grow they know the difference of good and bad, rather them just enforcing the laws. No one is perfect, every one sins, but why is it that we take our own sins for granted but when we see any other person has committed a crime we forget all laws and just want him to be punished, forgetting that every man commits sins, this is why he is human. For those who find themselves hysterical over these habeas corpus reform efforts, who believe that speeding up the appeals process will threaten the lives of those convicted and innocent, please contemplate the following question: What innocent or otherwise improperly convicted inmate would wish to linger a bit longer on death row as their attorney, snail-like, labored to prolong their wrongful stay on death row with a series of delayed and frivolous appeals? (jfa.net) The movement to abolish the death penalty needs the religious community because the heart of religion is about compassion, human rights, and the indivisible dignity of each human person made in the image of God. -Sister Helen Prejean The government should immediately call on to halt executions just to make sure that the unjust justice is checked. Capital punishment has been eradicated by most modern industrialized nations; it is not a deterrent to murder. Though the terror of being killed makes a man give a second thought to what he is doing, but the death penalty itself is engraving devastating effects. Even it has been observed that though with the severity of this crime, it is not the deterrent. It isn’t the end there are ways to make others realize their faults. And make them pay for it. But death penalty is not the disincentive.What we assume as an end in not the end, it is merely the beginning. Death is not the end of every crime; it is rather the way to more destruction. Giving time and attention to many prisoners have proved a very positive effect of them. If we want to amend the faults we all must take steps to stop the barbarous punishments as death penalties. And even if it is to be enhanced, it should be fully just, apart from prejudice, race, color, and creed and all such differences. Justice is for everyone not just rich or powerful. All that is just has a good effect, and even if justice would be enhanced to treat the real culprits, and to eradicate the crime our judiciary system needs amendments not death penalties. It is a well-known fact that when one is guilty and he is ashamed on that thing, then his half of the crime is washed a way. What is the flaw here is that the judiciary system does not give a loophole, for those who don’t have anything to prove. But on the contrary there is not just one but many ways for those who have power, race and a status. This proves to be a big flaw. Justice is for everyone devoid of cast creeds and colors and this is what is needed to prevail justice. Hence we can finally conclude that the deterrent power of the death penalty can never be proven with absolute certainty. The question still remain, is death penalty the solution? Or we should make amends in the justice system so that better and more influential judiciary system can be established. REFERENCES Liebman, J. S., Fagan, J., West, V.Capital attrition: Error rates in capital cases, 1973-1995. Texas Law Review. (2000) Uniform Crime Reports, 1980-1989 Lawrence C. Marshall, Why the Death Penalty should be abolished Bright, S. Counsel for the poor: The death sentence not for the worst crime, but for the worst lawyer. Yale Law Journal (1994) Costanzo, M. Just revenge: Costs and consequences of the death penalty (1997) Bowers and Pierce Deterrence or Brutalization in Crime of Delinquency (1980) Bailey, W.C., Peterson, R. D. Murder, capital punishment, and deterrence (1997) Radelet, Bedau, and Putnam, In Spite of innocence (1992) Point Loma, To Abolish Capital Punishment: A Plea to the Citizens of every Country (1914) Research Papers on The Death Penalty, the Practice of Capital PunishmentCapital PunishmentThe Fifth HorsemanArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Comparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UsePETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Project Managment Office SystemRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

The Penguin Atlas of Human Sexual Behavior

The Penguin Atlas of Human Sexual Behavior Published in 2000, the 128 page The Penguin Atlas of Human Sexual Behavior contains a plethora of facts and data about sex and sexuality worldwide. Unfortunately, the data used in the atlas was not often available for each country in the world so the author, Dr. Judith Mackay, was left to map incomplete data which is sometimes from as few as a dozen or so counties. Nonetheless, the book provides a fascinating insight into the cultural geography of sex and reproduction. Sometimes the data, maps, and graphics seem a bit sketchy. One example of a non-cited graphic is titled Breasts Are Getting Bigger and implies that in 1997, the average breast size in the U.K. was 36B but that it grew to 36C in 1999. A longer time period is provided for Asia - the graphic shows that in the 1980s average breast size was 34A and the 1990s it was 34C, not quite as dramatic as the U.K.s single-cup size increase in two years. The data I mention below in this article comes from reputable sources listed in the references section of the atlas. On with the facts... First Encounters Maps in the atlas provide information about the age of first sexual intercourse worldwide for several dozen countries where data was available. For women, the countries with the youngest average age of first intercourse are in central Africa and the Czech Republic with an average age of 15. The countries where womens first sexual experience comes at age 20 and older are Egypt, Kazakhstan, Italy, Thailand, Ecuador, and the Philippines. According to the map, the first sexual intercourse comes at 16 in the U.S. and 18 in the U.K. For men, the earliest average age of first intercourse is 16 in Brazil, Peru, Kenya, Zambia, Iceland, and Portugal but the highest average age is 19 in Italy. A male in the U.K.s average age of first intercourse is 18. There are far fewer countries with mens data than womens in the atlas (even the U.S. is missing from the map.) Sexual Intercourse and Contraception According to the atlas, on any given day, sexual intercourse takes place 120 million times on earth. Thus, with 240 million people having sex daily and a world population of just under 6.1 billion (as of 2000), about 4% of the worlds population (1 out of every 25 people) is having or had sex today. The country boasting the longest amount of time during sexual intercourse is Brazil at 30 minutes. The U.S., Canada, and the U.K. follow with 28, 23, and 21 minutes respectively. The quickest sex in the world takes place in Thailand with 10 minutes and Russia at 12 minutes. Among sexually active 16-45-year-olds, the most active countries are Russia, the U.S.A., and France, where people report having sex more than 130 times a year. Sex is least frequent in Hong Kong at under 50 times a year. Modern contraception is most frequently used in China, Australia, Canada, Brazil, and western Europe but least in central Africa and Afghanistan. Condom use is highest in Thailand with 82% of people claiming to always use a condom. Marriage The atlas tells us that 60% of marriages around the world are arranged so theres little choice of partners in most marriages. The age difference between prospective partners is interesting. Western European, North American, and Australian men usually search for a partner who is less than two years younger while men in Nigeria, Zambia, Colombia, and Iran all prefer women at least four years younger. China has the worlds highest minimum age for men to get married - 22; however, women in China can marry at 20 years of age. Its interesting to note that the minimum age for marriage for both sexes varies throughout the U.S. on a state-by-state basis and ranges from 14 to 21 years. Divorce rates are highest in Australia and the U.S.A. but are lowest in the Middle East, North Africa, and East Asia. Sex outside of marriage is most common in women under twenty in Germany and the U.K., where over 70% of young women have sex outside of marriage but in Asia, the percentage is less than ten. The Dark Side The atlas also covers the negative aspects of sex and sexuality. A map shows that female genital excision is highest in the countries of northeast Africa - Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia. Rapes per 100,000 women mapped out shows that among others - the U.S., Canada, Australia, southern Africa, Sweden have the worlds highest rates of rape (over 4 per 10,000). A map of the legal status of homosexuality around the world tells us that many countries in northern Africa and the Middle East can punish homosexual sex acts with the death penalty. We also learn that adultery is punishable by death in Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. Overall, The Penguin Atlas of Human Sexual Behavior is a very interesting compilation and reference for facts about human sexual behavior and reproduction worldwide and I do recommend it for students of cultural geography or sexology.